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11-11 R.I.P. Leonard Cohen
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One of the most fascinating and enigmatic -- if not the most successful -- singer/songwriters of the late '60s, Leonard Cohen has retained an audience across five decades of music-making interrupted by various digressions into personal and creative exploration, all of which have only added to the mystique surrounding him. Second only to Bob Dylan (and perhaps Paul Simon), he commands the attention of critics and younger musicians more firmly than any other musical figure from the '60s who is still working in the 21st century, which is all the more remarkable an achievement for someone who didn ...read more
One of the most fascinating and enigmatic -- if not the most successful -- singer/songwriters of the late '60s, Leonard Cohen has retained an audience across five decades of music-making interrupted by various digressions into personal and creative exploration, all of which have only added to the mystique surrounding him. Second only to Bob Dylan (and perhaps Paul Simon), he commands the attention of critics and younger musicians more firmly than any other musical figure from the '60s who is still working in the 21st century, which is all the more remarkable an achievement for someone who didn't even aspire to a musical career until he was in his thirties.
Cohen was born in 1934, a year before Elvis Presley or Ronnie Hawkins, and his background -- personal, social, and intellectual -- couldn't have been more different from those of any rock stars of any generation; nor can he be easily compared even with any members of the generation of folk singers who came of age in the '60s. Though he knew some country music and played it a bit as a boy, he didn't start performing on even a semi-regular basis, much less recording, until after he had already written several books -- and as an established novelist and poet, his literary accomplishments far exceed those of Bob Dylan or most anyone else who one cares to mention in music, at least this side of operatic librettists such as Hugo Von Hofmannsthal and Stefan Zweig, figures from another musical and cultural world.
He was born Leonard Norman Cohen into a middle-class Jewish family in the Montreal suburb of Westmount. His father, a clothing merchant(who also held a degree in engineering), died in 1943, when Cohen was nine years old. It was his mother who encouraged Cohen as a writer,especially of poetry, during his childhood. This fit in with the progressive intellectual environment in which he was raised, which allowed him free inquiry into a vast range of pursuits. His relationship to music was more tentative -- he took up the guitar at age 13, initially as a way to impress a girl,but was good enough to play country & western songs at local cafes, and he subsequently formed a group called the Buckskin Boys. At 17, he enrolled in McGill University as an English major -- by this time, he was writing poetry in earnest and became part of the university's tiny underground "bohemian" community. Cohen only earned average grades, but was a good enough writer to earn the McNaughton Prize in creative writing by the time he graduated in 1955 -- a year later, the ink barely dry on his degree, he published his first book of poetry, Let Us Compare Mythologies (1956), which got great reviews but didn't sell especially well.
He was already beyond the age that rock & roll was aimed at -- Bob Dylan, by contrast, was still Robert Zimmerman, still in his teens, and young enough to become a devotee of Buddy Holly when the latter emerged. In 1961, Cohen published his second book of poetry, The Spice Box of Earth, which became an international success critically and commercially, and established Cohen as a major new literary figure.Meanwhile, he tried to join the family business and spent some time at Columbia University in New York, writing all the time. Between the modest royalties from sales of his second book, literary grants from the Canadian government, and a family legacy, he was able to live comfortably and travel around the world, partake of much of what it had to offer -- including some use of LSD when it was still legal -- and ultimately settling for an extended period in Greece, on the isle of Hydra in the Aegean Sea. He continued to publish, issuing a pair of novels,The Favourite Game (1963) and Beautiful Losers (1966), with a pair of poetry collections, Flowers for Hitler (1964) and Parasites of Heaven(1966). The Favorite Game was a very personal work about his early life in Montreal, but it was Beautiful Losers that proved another breakthrough, earning the kind of reviews that authors dare not even hope for -- Cohen found himself compared to James Joyce in the pages of The Boston Globe, and across five decades the book has enjoyed sales totalling well into six figures.
It was around this time that he also started writing music again, songs being a natural extension of his poetry. His relative isolation on Hydra,coupled with his highly mobile lifestyle when he left the island, his own natural iconoclastic nature, and the fact that he'd avoided being overwhelmed (or even touched too seriously) by the currents running through popular music since the '40s, combined to give Cohen a unique voice as a composer. Though he did settle in Nashville for a short time in the mid-'60s, he didn't write quite like anyone else in the country music mecca or anywhere else. This might have been an impediment but for the intervention of Judy Collins, a folk singer who had just moved to the front rank of that field, and who had a voice just special enough to move her beyond the relatively emaciated ranks of remaining popular folk performers after Dylan shifted to electric music -- she was still getting heard, and not just by the purists left behind in Dylan's wake. She added Cohen's "Suzanne" to her repertoire and put it on her album In My Life, a record that was controversial enough infolk circles (because of her cover of the Beatles song that gave the LP its title) to pull in a lot of listeners and get a wide airing. The LP's"Suzanne" received a considerable amount of radio airplay, and Cohen was also represented on the album by "Dress Rehearsal Rag."
It was Collins who persuaded Cohen to return to performing for the first time since his teens. He made his debut during the summer of 1967atthe Newport Folk Festival, followed by a pair of sold-out concerts in New York City and an appearance singing his songs and reciting his poems on the CBS network television show Camera Three, in a show entitled "Ladies and Gentlemen, Mr. Leonard Cohen." It was around the same time that actor/singer Noel Harrison brought "Suzanne" onto the pop charts with a recording of his own. One of those who saw Cohen perform at Newport was John Hammond, Sr., the legendary producer whose career went back to the '30s and the likes of Billie Holiday, Benny Goodman,and Count Basie, and extended up through Bob Dylan and, ultimately, to Bruce Springsteen. Hammond got Cohen signed to Columbia Records and he created The Songs of Leonard Cohen, which was released just before Christmas of 1967. Producer John Simon was able to find a restrained yet appealing approach to recording Cohen's voice, which might have been described as an appealingly sensitive near-monotone; yet that voice was perfectly suited to the material at hand, all of which, written in a very personal language, seemed drenched in downbeat images and a spirit of discovery as a path to unsettling revelation.Despite its spare production and melancholy subject matter -- or, very possibly because of it -- the album was an immediate hit by the standards of the folk music world and the budding singer/songwriter community. In an era in which millions of listeners hung on the next albums of Bob Dylan and Simon & Garfunkel -- whose own latest album had ended with a minor-key rendition of "Silent Night" set against a radio news account of the death of Lenny Bruce --Cohen's music quickly found a small but dedicated following. College students by the thousands bought it;in its second year of release, the record sold over 100,000 copies. The Songs of Leonard Cohen was as close as Cohen ever got to mass audience success.
Amid all of this sudden musical activity, he hardly neglected his other writing -- in 1968, he released a new volume, Selected Poems: 1956-1968,which included both old and newly published work, and earned him the Governor General's Award, Canada's highest literary honour,which he proceeded to decline. By this time, he was actually almost more a part of the rock scene, residing for a time in New York's Chelsea Hotel, where his neighbours included Janis Joplin and other performing luminaries, some of whom influenced his songs very directly.
His next album, Songs from a Room (1969), was characterized by an even greater spirit of melancholy -- even the relatively spirited "A Bunch of Lonesome Heroes" was steeped in such depressing sensibilities, and the one song not written by Cohen, "The Partisan," was a grim narrative about the reasons for and consequences of resistance to tyranny that included lines like "She died without a whisper" and included images of wind blowing past graves. Joan Baez subsequently recorded the song, and in her hands it was a bit more upbeat and inspiring to the listener; Cohen's rendition made it much more difficult to get past the costs presented by the singer's persona. On the other hand, "Seems SoLong Ago,Nancy," although as downbeat as anything else here, did present Cohen in his most expressive and commercial voice, a nasal but affecting and finely nuanced performance.
In all, however, Songs from a Room was less well-received commercially and critically. Bob Johnston's restrained, almost minimalist production made it less overtly appealing than the subtly commercial trappings of his debut, though the album did have a pair of tracks, "Birdon the Wire"and "The Story of Isaac," that became standards rivalling "Suzanne." "The Story of Isaac," a musical parable woven around biblical imagery about Vietnam, was one of the most savage and piercing songs to come out of the antiwar movement, and showed a level of sophistication in its music and lyrics that put it in a whole separate realm of composition; it received an even better airing on the Live Songs album, in a performance recorded in Berlin during 1972.Cohen may not have been a widely popular performer or recording artist, but his unique voice and sound, and the power of his writing and its influence, helped give him gain enter to rock's front-ranked performers, an odd status for the then 35-year-old author/composer. He appeared at the 1970 Isle of Wight festival in England, a post-Woodstock gathering of stars and superstars, including late appearances by such soon-to-die-or-disband legends as Jimi Hendrix and the Doors; looking nearly as awkward as his fellow Canadian Joni Mitchell, Cohen strummed his acoustic guitar backed by a pair of female singers in front of an audience of 600,000 ("It's a large nation, but still weak"), comprised in equal portions of fans, freaks, and belligerent gatecrashers, but the mere fact that he was there -- sandwiched somewhere between Miles Davis and Emerson,Lake & Palmer -- was a clear statement of the status (if not the popular success) he'd achieved. One portion of his set, "Tonight Will Be Fine,"was released on a subsequent live album, while his performance of "Suzanne" was one of the highlights of Murray Lerner's long-delayed 1996documentary Message to Love: The Isle of Wight Festival.
Already, he had carved out a unique place for himself in music, as much author as performer and recording artist, letting his songs developandevolve across years -- his distinctly non-commercial voice became part of his appeal to the audience he found, giving him a unique cornerof themusic audience comprising listeners descended from the same people who had embraced Bob Dylan's early work before he'd become amass-media phenomenon in 1964. In a sense, Cohen embodied a phenomenon vaguely similar to what Dylan enjoyed before his early-'70stour withthe Band -- people bought his albums by the tens and, occasionally, hundreds of thousands, but seemed to hear him in uniquelypersonal terms.He earned his audience seemingly one listener at a time, by word of mouth more than by the radio, which, in any case(especially on the AMdial), was mostly friendly to covers of Cohen's songs by other artists.
Cohen's third album, Songs of Love and Hate (1971), was one of his most powerful works, brimming with piercing lyrics and music aspoignantlyaffecting as it was minimalist in its approach -- arranger Paul Buckmaster's work on strings was peculiarly muted, and thechildren's chorus thatshowed up on "Last Year's Man" was spare in its presence; balancing them was Cohen's most effective vocalizing todate, brilliantly expressivearound such acclaimed songs as "Joan of Arc," "Dress Rehearsal Rag" (which had been recorded by Judy Collinsfive years before), and "FamousBlue Raincoat." The bleakness of the tone and subject matter ensured that he would never become a "pop"performer; even the beat-driven"Diamonds in the Mine" -- catchy children's chorus accompaniment and all, and with a twangy electric guitaraccompaniment to boot -- was asdark and venomous a song as Columbia Records put out in 1971. And the most compelling moments --among an embarrassment of riches --came on lyrics like "Now the flames they followed Joan of Arc/As she came riding through the dark/NoMoon to keep her armor bright/No man toget her through this night..." Teenagers of the late '60s (or any era that followed) listeningdevotedly to Leonard Cohen might have worried theirparents, but could well have been the smartest or most sensitive kids in their class andthe most well-balanced emotionally -- if they weren'tdepressed -- but also effectively well on their way out of being teenagers, and probablytoo advanced for their peers and maybe most of theirteachers (except maybe the ones listening to Cohen). Songs of Love and Hate, coupledwith the earlier hit versions of "Suzanne," etc., earnedCohen a large international cult following. He also found himself in demand in the worldof commercial filmmaking, as director Robert Altman usedhis music in his 1971 feature film McCabe and Mrs. Miller, starring Warren Beattyand Julie Christie, a revisionist period film set at the turn of the19th century that was savaged by the critics (and, by some accounts,sabotaged by its own studio) but went on to become one of the director'sbest-loved movies. The following year, he also published a newpoetry collection, The Energy of Slaves.As was his wont, Cohen spent years between albums, and in 1973 he seemed to take stock of himselfas a performer by issuing Leonard Cohen:Live Songs. Not a conventional live album, it was a compendium of performances from variousvenues across several years and focused onhighlights of his output from 1969 onward. It showcased his writing as much as his performing,but also gave a good account of his appeal to hismost serious fans -- those still uncertain of where they stood in relation to his music whocould get past the epic-length "Please Don't Pass MeBy" knew for certain they were ready to "join" the inner circle of his legion of devoteesafter that, while others who only appreciated "Bird on theWire" or "The Story of Isaac" could stay comfortably in an outer ring.
Meanwhile, in 1973, his music became the basis for a theatrical production called Sisters of Mercy, conceived by Gene Lesser and looselybasedon Cohen's life, or at least a fantasy version of his life. A three-year lag ensued between Songs of Love and Hate and Cohen's nextalbum, andmost critics and fans just assumed he'd hit a dry spell with the live album covering the gap. He was busy concertizing, however, inthe UnitedStates and Europe during 1971 and 1972, and extending his appearances into Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. It was duringthis periodthat he also began working with pianist and arranger John Lissauer, whom he engaged as producer of his next album, New Skin forthe OldCeremony (1974). That album seemed to justify his fans' continued faith in his work, presenting Cohen in a more lavish musicalenvironment. Heproved capable of holding his own in a pop environment, even if the songs were mostly still depressing and bleak.
The following year, Columbia Records released The Best of Leonard Cohen, featuring a dozen of his best-known songs -- principally hits inthehands of other performers -- from his previous four LPs (though it left out "Dress Rehearsal Rag"). It was also during the mid-'70s thatCohenfirst crossed paths professionally with Jennifer Warnes, appearing on the same bill with the singer at numerous shows, which wouldlead to aseries of key collaborations in the ensuing decade. By this time, he was a somewhat less mysterious persona, having touredextensively andgotten considerable exposure -- among many other attributes, Cohen became known for his uncanny attractiveness to women,which seemed togo hand in glove with the romantic subjects of most of his songs.
In 1977, Cohen reappeared with the ironically titled Death of a Ladies' Man, the most controversial album of his career, produced by PhilSpector.The notion of pairing Spector -- known variously as a Svengali-like presence to his female singers and artists and the mostunrepentant (andoften justified) over-producer in the field of pop music -- with Cohen must have seemed like a good one to someone at somepoint, butapparently Cohen himself had misgivings about many of the resulting tracks that Spector never addressed, having mixed the recordcompletelyon his own. The resulting LP suffered from the worst attributes of Cohen's and Spector's work, overly dense and self-consciouslyimposing in itssound, and virtually bathing the listener in Cohen's depressive persona, but showing his limited vocal abilities to disadvantage,owing toSpector's use of "scratch" (i.e., guide) vocals and his unwillingness to permit the artist to redo some of his weaker moments onthose takes. Forthe first (and only) time in Cohen's career, his near-monotone delivery of this period wasn't a positive attribute. Cohen'sunhappiness with thealbum was widely known among fans, who mostly bought it with that caveat in mind, so it didn't harm his reputation -- ayear after its release,Cohen also published a new literary collection using the title Death of a Ladies' Man.
Cohen's next album, Recent Songs (1979), returned him to the spare settings of his early-'70s work and showed his singing to some of itsbestadvantage. Working with veteran producer Henry Lewy (best known for his work with Joni Mitchell), the album showed Cohen's singingasattractive and expressive in its quiet way, and songs such as "The Guests" seeming downright pretty -- he still wrote about life and love,andespecially relationships, in stark terms, but he almost seemed to be moving into a pop mode on numbers such as "Humbled in Love."FrankSinatra never needed to look over his shoulder at Cohen (at least, as a singer), but he did seem to be trying for a slicker pop sound atmomentson his record.
Then came 1984, and two key new works in Cohen's output -- the poetic/religious volume The Book of Mercy and the album VariousPositions(1984). The latter, recorded with Jennifer Warnes, is arguably his most accessible album of his entire career up to that time --Cohen's voice,now a peculiarly expressive baritone instrument, found a beautiful pairing with Warnes, and the songs were as fine as ever,steeped in spiritualityand sexuality, with "Dance Me to the End of Love" a killer opener: a wry, doom-laden yet impassioned pop-style balladthat is impossible toforget. Those efforts overlapped with some ventures by the composer/singer into other creative realms, including anaward-winning short filmthat he wrote, directed, and scored, entitled I Am a Hotel, and the score for the 1985 conceptual film Night Magic,which earned a Juno Award inCanada for Best Movie Score.
Sad to say, Various Positions went relatively unnoticed, and was followed by another extended sabbatical from recording, which ended withI'mYour Man (1988). But during his hiatus, Warnes had released her album of Cohen-authored material, entitled Famous Blue Raincoat, whichhadsold extremely well and introduced Cohen to a new generation of listeners. So when I'm Your Man did appear, with its electronicproduction(albeit still rather spare) and songs that added humor (albeit dark humor) to his mix of pessimistic and poetic conceits, the resultwas his best-selling record in more than a decade. The result, in 1991, was the release of I'm Your Fan: The Songs of Leonard Cohen, a CD ofrecordings of hissongs by the likes of R.E.M., the Pixies, Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds, and John Cale, which put Cohen as a songwriter pushingage 60 right backon center stage for the '90s. He rose to the occasion, releasing The Future, an album that dwelt on the many threats facingmankind in thecoming years and decades, a year later. Not the stuff of pop charts or MTV heavy rotation, it attracted Cohen's usual coterie offans, and enoughpress interest as well as sufficient sales, to justify the release in 1994 of his second concert album, Cohen Live, derivedfrom his two most recenttours. A year later came another tribute album, Tower of Song, featuring Cohen's songs as interpreted by Billy Joel,Willie Nelson, et al.
In the midst of all of this new activity surrounding his writing and compositions, Cohen embarked on a new phase of his life. Religiousconcernswere never too far from his thinking and work, even when he was making a name for himself writing songs about love, and he hadfocused evenmore on this side of life since Various Positions. He came to spend time at the Mt. Baldy Zen Center, a Buddhist retreat inCalifornia, andeventually became a full-time resident, and a Buddhist monk in the late '90s. When he re-emerged in 1999, Cohen had manydozens of newcompositions in hand, songs and poems alike. His new collaborations were with singer/songwriter/musician Sharon Robinson,who also ended upproducing the resulting album, Ten New Songs (2001) -- there also emerged during this period a release called FieldCommander Cohen: Tour of1979, comprised of live recordings from his tour of 22 years before.
In 2004, the year he turned 70, Cohen released one of the most controversial albums of his career, Dear Heather. It revealed his voice anew,inthis phase of his career, as a deep baritone more limited in range than on any previous recording, but it overcame this change in vocaltimbre byfacing it head-on, just as Cohen had done with his singing throughout his career. It also contained a number of songs for whichCohen wrotemusic but not lyrics, a decided change of pace for a man who'd started out as a poet. And it was as personal a record as Cohenhad ever issued.His return to recording was one of the more positive aspects of Cohen's resumption of his music activities. On another side,in 2005, he filed suitagainst his longtime business manager and his financial advisor over the alleged theft of more than five million dollars,at least some of whichtook place during his years at the Buddhist retreat.
Five decades after he emerged as a public literary figure and then a performer, Cohen remained one of the most compelling andenigmaticmusical figures of his era, and one of the very few of that era who commands as much respect and attention, and probably as largean audience,in the 21st century as he did in the '60s. As much as any survivor of that decade, Cohen has held onto his original audience andhas seen it growacross generations, in keeping with a body of music that is truly timeless and ageless. In 2006, his enduring influenceseemed to beacknowledged in Lions Gate Films' release of Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man, director Lian Lunson's concert/portrait of Cohen andhis work andcareer. A performance set, Live in London, was released in 2009. In 2010, the combined video and audio package Songs fromthe Road wasissued, documenting his 2008 world tour (which actually lasted until late 2010), revisiting songs from each part of his career.The tour covered 84dates and sold over 700,000 tickets worldwide.
Cohen didn't rest long, however: in early 2011 he began to craft what would become Old Ideas, his first album of new material in sevenyears.The sessions took place with producers Ed Sanders (renowned poet and leader of the Fugs), Patrick Leonard, Cohen's saxophonist DinoSoldo,and his partner, singer and songwriter Anjani Thomas. Old Ideas contained ten new songs dealing with spirituality, mortality, sexuality,loss, andacceptance, similar in sound and texture to Dear Heather. The tracks "Lullaby" and "Darkness" were staples of the world tour, whilethe cut"Show Me the Place" was pre-released in late 2011. Old Ideas was released at the end of January 2012. It became a tremendoussuccess,debuting inside the Top Five in the U.S. and U.K., as well as reaching number one in Canada. Cohen's success in Europe was moreimpressive;Old Ideas reached number one in almost ten countries.
After yet another world tour that brought him universal accolades, Cohen, uncharacteristically, returned quickly to the studio with producer(andco-writer) Patrick Leonard, emerging with nine new songs, at least one of which -- "Born in Chains" -- had origins that dated back 40years.Popular Problems was released in September of 2014 to positive reviews and chart success. (Just like its predecessor, it hit numberone acrossEurope as well as Canada.) Cohen continued to tour internationally with impressive vigor, and in December 2014 he released Livein Dublin, histhird live album since returning to the road. The album had been recorded in September 2013, during a concert at Dublin's O2Arena, and a high-definition video release appeared in tandem with the audio edition. Yet another concert document, Can't Forget: A Souvenirof the Grand Tour,appeared in May 2015, with the album drawn from live takes as well as pre-show rehearsals at soundchecks. « hide |
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